The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is considered a protected psychological instrument, meaning it can only be given and interpreted by a psychologist trained to do so (anyone cannot find the test online). The MMPI is currently commonly administered in one of two forms - the MMPI-2, which has 567 true/false questions, and the newer MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008 and containing only 338 true/false items. Once an individual has completed the test, he/she is rated on 10 clinical scales used to indicate different psychotic conditions. The MMPI-2 contains 567 test items and takes approximately 60-90 min to complete. The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2. In response to these issues, the MMPI underwent a revision in the late 1980s. Others argued that the results indicated possible test bias, while some felt the test contained sexist and racist questions. Critics pointed out that the original sample group was inadequate. In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. Today, it is a frequently used clinical testing instrument and one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. This is an extremely useful finding for occupational health physicians because it shows the utility of the MMPI-2 for determining whether a patient complaining of chronic pain would best benefit from medical treatment or psychological therapy.The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the late 1930s by psychologist Starke R. They found a strong relationship between reported pain disorder and conversion disorder (experiencing psychological and emotional problems as physical pain). applied the MMPI-2 to 307 female and 161 male patients with chronic pain. A symptom validity scale (FBS) has been added to the inventory in recent years to help exclude symptom exaggeration and has been reported as having very low false-positive rates. There are ∼10 000 published papers using the MMPI-2 and this pool is added to by hundreds of papers every year. The MMPI-2 was validated using a normative sample of 2600 adults. psychopathy) and general personality traits such as anger, somatization, hypochondriasis, ‘type A behaviour’ addiction potential, poor ego strength and many others. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder), personality characteristics (i.e. The measure has many clinical scales assessing mental health problems (i.e. These scales make it very difficult to fake the MMPI-2 results. It has nine validity scales (or ‘lie’ scales), assessing for lying, defensiveness, faking good and faking bad and among others. The MMPI-2 is a 567 item, true/false self-report measure of a person's psychological state. It takes most people between 1 h and 90 min to complete the MMPI-2. As such, it should be regarded as a complex diagnostic investigation for relatively infrequent use. One of the disadvantages of the MMPI-2 for the occupational health physician is that the MMPI-2 is a strictly licensed test and can only be purchased, administered and interpreted by a suitably experienced clinical psychologist or psychiatrist. The MMPI-2 can also be used to assess psychological stability in workers in ‘high-risk’ professions such as airline pilots, police or workers in the nuclear power industry. For example, the MMPI-2 should normally be able to detect unconsciously somatizing or consciously malingering in patients. The data from MMPI-2 assessments are particularly useful in occupational health settings in complex presentations where doubt as to what is really wrong with the patient exists. Second, the MMPI-2 is based on empirical research and not on a clinician's assumptions about what answers indicate particular personality traits. First, it makes it very difficult for subjects to ‘fake’ responses, deny problems or give a particular impression. Often, the questions that do this most reliably are not concerned with health issues as such. This involved basing the test scales (for example the hypochondriasis scale) on the actual test items that differentiate people with hypochondriasis from ‘normals’. The test developers Hathaway and McKinley used an empirical test construction technique to develop the MMPI. The MMPI-2 is used in mental health, medical and employment settings. It is the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world. The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was published in 1940 and the second revised version-the MMPI-2-was published in 1989.
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